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Correction of refractive errors by glasses; Prism therapy (if tolerated, to manage diplopia) Vision Therapy; Patching (mainly to manage amblyopia in children and diplopia in adults) Botulinum toxin injection; Surgical correction; Surgical correction of the hypertropia is desired to achieve binocularity, manage diplopia and/or correct the ...
The pulmonary circulation is a division of the circulatory system in all vertebrates. The circuit begins with deoxygenated blood returned from the body to the right atrium of the heart where it is pumped out from the right ventricle to the lungs. In the lungs the blood is oxygenated and returned to the left atrium to complete the circuit.
The prism cover test ( PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]
Diagram of the lungs showing regional variations in V/Q ratio Regional variations. While the ideal V/Q ratio is 1, the ratio in the normal lungs of the healthy individual is approximately 0.8, meaning that the ventilation and perfusion do not equal perfectly. Due to gravity, lower lungs have a relatively greater amount of blood, and upper lungs ...
Roof prism. A roof pentaprism used in Single-lens reflex cameras; the lower right face is the roof ( dach ). A roof prism, also called a Dachkanten prism or Dach prism (from German: Dachkante, lit. "roof edge"), is a reflective prism containing a section where two faces meet at a 90° angle, resembling the roof of a building and thus the name.
Ventilation refers to the in-and-out movement of air of the lungs and perfusion is the circulation of blood in the pulmonary capillaries. [1] In mammals, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement that brings air into the lungs where the process ...
Lung compliance. Lung compliance, or pulmonary compliance, is a measure of the lung 's ability to stretch and expand (distensibility of elastic tissue). In clinical practice it is separated into two different measurements, static compliance and dynamic compliance. Static lung compliance is the change in volume for any given applied pressure. [1]
The Hering-Breuer reflex, put simply, is what keeps the lungs from over-inflating with inspired air. The neural circuit that controls the Hering–Breuer inflation reflex involves several regions of the central nervous system , and both sensory and motor components of the vagus nerve .
In hypertropia the light lands on the inferior aspect of the cornea. In hypotropia the light lands on the superior aspect of the cornea. A cover test can tell you the extent of the eso/exo-tropia. Individuals can suffer from several tropias at once.
Emphysema. Collateral ventilation is a back-up system of alveolar ventilation that can bypass the normal route of airflow when airways are restricted or obstructed. The pathways involved include those between adjacent alveoli ( pores of Kohn ), between bronchioles and alveoli (canals of Lambert), and those between bronchioles (channels of Martin).