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Working in CGS units, we first need to find the form of the electric and magnetic fields. The fields can be written (for a fuller derivation see Liénard–Wiechert potential) (,) = (()) + ([() ˙] ()) and =, where is the charge's velocity divided by , ˙ is the charge's acceleration divided by c, is a unit vector in the direction, is the magnitude of , is the charge's location, and = /.
The free-air correction adjusts measurements of gravity to what would have been measured at mean sea level, that is, on the geoid. The gravitational attraction of Earth below the measurement point and above mean sea level is ignored and it is imagined that the observed gravity is measured in air, hence the name.
Circulation can be related to curl of a vector field V and, more specifically, to vorticity if the field is a fluid velocity field, =.. By Stokes' theorem, the flux of curl or vorticity vectors through a surface S is equal to the circulation around its perimeter, [2] = = =
For tungsten, (1 − ř)A 0 = (0.6 to 1.0) × 10 6 A⋅m −2 ⋅K −2, and φ = 4.52 eV. At 2500 °C, the emission is 28207 A/m 2 . The emission current as given above is many times greater than that normally collected by the electrodes, except in some pulsed valves such as the cavity magnetron .
F 21 is the force applied on body 2 exerted by body 1, G is the gravitational constant, m 1 and m 2 are respectively the masses of bodies 1 and 2, r 21 = r 2 − r 1 is the displacement vector between bodies 1 and 2, and
Gamma correction or gamma is a nonlinear operation used to encode and decode luminance or tristimulus values in video or still image systems. [1] Gamma correction is, in the simplest cases, defined by the following power-law expression: =,
While in principle aspheric surfaces can take a wide variety of forms, aspheric lenses are often designed with surfaces of the form = (+ (+)) + + +, [3]where the optic axis is presumed to lie in the z direction, and () is the sag—the z-component of the displacement of the surface from the vertex, at distance from the axis.
This is shown in Figure 3. By shifting prism P2 up and down, the dispersion of the compressor can be both negative around refractive index n = 1.6 (red curve) and positive (blue curve). The range with a negative dispersion is relatively short since prism P2 can only be moved upwards over a short distance before the light ray misses it altogether.