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Lorentz factor. where and v is the relative velocity between two inertial frames . For two frames at rest, γ = 1, and increases with relative velocity between the two inertial frames. As the relative velocity approaches the speed of light, γ → ∞. Time dilation (different times t and t' at the same position x in same inertial frame)
1) where E k is the (constant) complex amplitude vector, i is the imaginary unit , k is the wave vector (whose magnitude k is the angular wavenumber), r is the position vector , ω is the angular frequency , t is time, and it is understood that the real part of the expression is the physical field. [Note 1] The value of the expression is unchanged if the position r varies in a direction normal ...
Scherrer equation. The Scherrer equation, in X-ray diffraction and crystallography, is a formula that relates the size of sub- micrometre crystallites in a solid to the broadening of a peak in a diffraction pattern. It is often referred to, incorrectly, as a formula for particle size measurement or analysis. It is named after Paul Scherrer.
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form , or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin- 1 ⁄ 2 massive particles , called "Dirac particles", such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry .
Aberration (astronomy) A diagram showing how the apparent position of a star viewed from the Earth can change depending on the Earth's velocity. The effect is typically much smaller than illustrated. In astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial ...
This is a coherent process, so the total power radiated is proportional to the square of the number of electrons accelerating. In electrodynamics, the Larmor formula is used to calculate the total power radiated by a nonrelativistic point charge as it accelerates. It was first derived by J. J. Larmor in 1897, [1] in the context of the wave ...
In physics, circulation is the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve. In fluid dynamics, the field is the fluid velocity field. In electrodynamics, it can be the electric or the magnetic field. Circulation was first used independently by Frederick Lanchester, Martin Kutta and Nikolay Zhukovsky. [citation needed]
Prism (optics) An optical prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that are designed to refract light. At least one surface must be angled — elements with two parallel surfaces are not prisms. The most familiar type of optical prism is the triangular prism, which has a triangular base and rectangular sides.