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Human skin color ranges from the darkest brown to the lightest hues. Differences in skin color among individuals is caused by variation in pigmentation, which is the result of genetics (inherited from one's biological parents ), exposure to the sun, disorders, or some combination thereof. Differences across populations evolved through natural ...
Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; or hyperphoria, in which ...
Skin colors according to von Luschan's chromatic scale. Von Luschan's chromatic scale ( VLS) is a method of classifying skin color. It is also called the von Luschan scale or von Luschan's scale. It is named after its inventor, Felix von Luschan. The equipment consisted of 36 opaque glass tiles which were compared to the subject's skin, ideally ...
Exophoria. Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward. [1] During examination, when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another. [2] The axis deviation in exophoria is usually mild compared with that of exotropia .
Fitzpatrick scale. The Fitzpatrick scale (also Fitzpatrick skin typing test; or Fitzpatrick phototyping scale) is a numerical classification schema for human skin color. It was developed in 1975 by American dermatologist Thomas B. Fitzpatrick as a way to estimate the response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light. [2]
Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. [1] It is the opposite of exotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than esophoria. Esotropia is sometimes erroneously called ...
The Monk Skin Tone Scale is an open-source, 10-shade scale describing human skin color, developed by Ellis Monk in partnership with Google. It is meant to replace the Fitzpatrick scale in fields such as computer vision research, after an IEEE study found the Fitzpatrick scale to be "poorly predictive of skin tone" and advised it "not be used as such in evaluations of computer vision applications."
Prism dioptres. Prism correction is commonly specified in prism dioptres, a unit of angular measurement that is loosely related to the dioptre. Prism dioptres are represented by the Greek symbol delta (Δ) in superscript. A prism of power 1 Δ would produce 1 unit of displacement for an object held 100 units from the prism. [2]