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Eye glasses with an included prism power is the optical method to reduce a fixation disparity. Different procedures have been proposed to determine the required amount of prism for the individual. Based on prism-FD curves (Fig. 3b), one can find the aligning prism sP 0 that nullifies the naturally prevailing fixation disparity sFD 0. This test ...
VH (Vertical Heterophoria) is distinct from other visual conditions due to its ability to manifest as unrelated issues. Symptoms include chronic headaches, dizziness, and reading difficulties, even with 20/20 vision using corrective lenses.
The Maddox rod test can be used to subjectively detect and measure a latent, manifest, horizontal or vertical strabismus for near and distance. The test is based on the principle of diplopic projection.
Incomitant strabismus cannot be fully corrected by prism glasses, because the eyes would require different degrees of prismatic correction dependent on the direction of the gaze.
The Gottlieb button prism, and the Peli superior and inferior horizontal bands are some proprietary examples of prism glasses. These high power prisms "create" artificial peripheral vision into the non-blind field for obstacle avoidance and motion detection.
The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]
The Four Prism Dioptre Reflex Test (also known as the 4 PRT, or 4 Prism Dioptre Base-out Test) is an objective, non-dissociative test used to prove the alignment of both eyes (i.e. the presence of binocular single vision) by assessing motor fusion.
A cover test or cover-uncover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation. It is typically performed by orthoptists, ophthalmologists and optometrists during eye examinations. The two primary types of cover tests are: the alternating cover test; the unilateral cover test (or the cover-uncover test).
The Lancaster red-green test quantifies comitant and incomitant misalignments. It accurately assesses horizontal and vertical misalignments ( heterotropia , heterophoria ) as well as torsional misalignments ( cyclotropia , cyclophoria) in all nine diagnostic gaze positions.
Treatment options for esotropia include glasses to correct refractive errors (see accommodative esotropia below), the use of prisms, orthoptic exercises, or eye muscle surgery. The term is from Greek eso meaning "inward" and trope meaning "a turning".