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Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria. Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.
Treatment options for esotropia include glasses to correct refractive errors (see accommodative esotropia below), the use of prisms, orthoptic exercises, or eye muscle surgery. The term is from Greek eso meaning "inward" and trope meaning "a turning".
The Bates method is an ineffective and potentially dangerous alternative therapy aimed at improving eyesight.Eye-care physician William Horatio Bates (1860–1931) held the erroneous belief that the extraocular muscles effected changes in focus and that "mental strain" caused abnormal action of these muscles; hence he believed that relieving such "strain" would cure defective vision.
Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; or hyperphoria, in which ...
Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward. During examination, when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another. The axis deviation in exophoria is usually mild compared with that of exotropia.
Treatment. Convergence insufficiency may be treated with convergence exercises prescribed by an eyecare specialist trained in orthoptics or binocular vision anomalies (see: vision therapy ). Some cases of convergence insufficiency are successfully managed by prescription of eyeglasses, sometimes with therapeutic prisms .
Esotropia (eyes crossed); exotropia (eyes diverge); hypertropia (eyes vertically misaligned) Causes: Muscle dysfunction, farsightedness, problems in the brain, trauma, infections: Risk factors: Premature birth, cerebral palsy, family history: Diagnostic method: Observing light reflected from the pupil: Differential diagnosis
Duane syndrome is a congenital rare type of strabismus most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to move outward. The syndrome was first described by ophthalmologists Jakob Stilling (1887) and Siegmund Türk (1896), and subsequently named after Alexander Duane, who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905. [2] Other names for ...
Presbyopia is a typical part of the aging process. [4] It occurs due to age related changes in the lens (decreased elasticity and increased hardness) and ciliary muscle (decreased strength and ability to move the lens), causing the eye to focus right behind rather than on the retina when looking at close objects. [4]
Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...