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Treatment options for esotropia include glasses to correct refractive errors (see accommodative esotropia below), the use of prisms, orthoptic exercises, or eye muscle surgery. The term is from Greek eso meaning "inward" and trope meaning "a turning".
Type of deviation: esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, hypophoria, cyclophoria; Size of deviation; Rate of recovery that enables the person to achieve binocular single vision. It also says a lot about the strength of control over the deviation. Fixation Targets
Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria. Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.
Prism dioptres. Prism correction is commonly specified in prism dioptres, a unit of angular measurement that is loosely related to the dioptre. Prism dioptres are represented by the Greek symbol delta (Δ) in superscript. A prism of power 1 Δ would produce 1 unit of displacement for an object held 100 units from the prism. [2]
The prism cover test ( PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]
4 dioptre prism, either loose or prism bar; Bright lighting conditions; Method of assessment. As it is an objective test, few instructions are required to be given to the patient. The patient is asked to fixate on a target while the examiner places a 4 prism dioptre base-out prism over the patient's eye, observing the response of the fellow eye.
The procedure is usually done under general anaesthesia. Recovery time is rapid, and most people are able to resume normal activities within a few days. Following surgery, corrective eyeglasses may be needed, and in many cases, further surgery is required later to keep the eyes straight.
The third surgery (Stage 3) is the Fontan procedure, in which the inferior vena cava (IVC, the large vein carrying blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body) is connected to the branch pulmonary arteries. After this surgery is completed, all the venous blood returning from the body flows directly to the lungs.
Procedure. OOKP is a two-stage operation: Stage 1 of the surgery involves five separate procedures: The eye is opened up and the entire inner surface of the eyelids, corneal surface and all scar tissue is removed; Inner mucosal lining of the cheek is transplanted onto the new surface of the eye
Arterial switch operation (ASO) or arterial switch, is an open heart surgical procedure used to correct dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA).. Its development was pioneered by Canadian cardiac surgeon William Mustard and it was named for Brazilian cardiac surgeon Adib Jatene, who was the first to use it successfully.