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2. Amsler grid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsler_grid

   The grid was developed by Marc Amsler, a Swiss ophthalmologist. It is a diagnostic tool that aids in the detection of visual disturbances caused by changes in the retina, particularly the macula (e.g. macular degeneration, Epiretinal membrane), as well as the optic nerve and the visual pathway to the brain. Amsler grid usually help detecting ...

3. Metamorphopsia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphopsia

   The Amsler grid showing the visual perception of the left eye of a person experiencing metamorphopsia (straight lines appear bent or curved) [1] [2]. Metamorphopsia (from Greek: μεταμορφοψία, metamorphopsia, 'seeing mutated shapes') is a type of distorted vision in which a grid of straight lines appears wavy or partially blank.

4. Humphrey visual field analyser - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Visual_Field_Analyser

   Humphrey field analyser (HFA) is a tool for measuring the human visual field that is commonly used by optometrists, orthoptists and ophthalmologists, particularly for detecting monocular visual field. [1] The results of the analyser identify the type of vision defect. Therefore, it provides information regarding the location of any disease ...

5. Macular degeneration - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration

   8.7% global prevalence in 2020 [2] Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field. [1] Early on there are often no symptoms. [1] Over time, however, some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that may ...

6. Prism cover test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_Cover_Test

   measuring strabismus. The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [1]

7. Pinhole occluder - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_occluder

   A pinhole occluder is an opaque disk with one or more small holes through it, used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists to test visual acuity. The occluder is a simple way to focus light, as in a pinhole camera, temporarily removing the effects of refractive errors such as myopia. Because light passes only through the center of the ...