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When measuring horizontal fusion ranges, base in prisms assess fusional divergence while base out prisms assess fusional convergence. The vertical fusional vergence amplitude can also be measured with base up and base down prisms although the horizontal PFR is typically the main focus when testing.
Their vertical components are transmitted (shown), while the horizontal components are absorbed and reflected (not shown). Because their polarization vectors depend on incidence angle, polarizers based on Fresnel reflection inherently tend to produce s – p polarization rather than Cartesian polarization [ clarification needed ] , which limits ...
Its prism has 2n vertices, 3n edges, and 2 + n faces. Take a polyhedron with V vertices, E edges, and F faces. Its prism has 2V vertices, 2E + V edges, 2F + E faces, and 2 + F cells. Take a polychoron with V vertices, E edges, F faces, and C cells. Its prism has 2V vertices, 2E + V edges, 2F + E faces, 2C + F cells, and 2 + C hypercells ...
In astronomy, geography, and related sciences and contexts, a direction or plane passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point. [1] Conversely, a direction or plane is said to be horizontal (or leveled) if it is perpendicular to the vertical direction.
The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. It is used by ophthalmologists and orthoptists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components.
by convention, an axis of 90° is vertical, 0° or 180° are horizontal; if the cylinder power is positive, the lens is most convergent 90° from the axis; if the cylinder power is negative, the lens is most divergent 90° from the axis; if the cylinder power is zero, the lens is spherical and has the same power in every meridian; Sample ...
In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex (vertex) lies on the plane at infinity. If the cone is a quadratic cone, the plane at infinity (which passes through the vertex) can intersect the cone at two real lines, a single real line (actually a coincident pair of lines), or only at the vertex.
The terms horizontal (h) and vertical (v), and the corresponding subscripts, refer to the additional mirror plane, that can be parallel to the rotation axis (vertical) or perpendicular to the rotation axis (horizontal). The simplest nontrivial axial groups are equivalent to the abstract group Z 2: C i (equivalent to S 2) – inversion symmetry
The vertical exaggeration is given by: where VS is the vertical scale and HS is the horizontal scale, both given as representative fractions. For example, if 1 centimetre (0.39 in) vertically represents 200 metres (660 ft) and 1 centimetre (0.39 in) horizontally represents 4,000 metres (13,000 ft), the vertical exaggeration, 20×, is given by ...
Cylinders are placed into trial frame vertically, making the two red lines horizontal; Vertical prism ( base-up, or base-down) can also be added into the trial frames to separate the two red lines (This avoids confusion if the patients claim that they only see one red line).