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Prentice's rule, named so after the optician Charles F. Prentice, is a formula used to determine the amount of induced prism in a lens: = where: P is the amount of prism correction (in prism dioptres) c is decentration (the distance between the pupil centre and the lens's optical centre, in millimetres)
A dioptre ( British spelling) or diopter ( American spelling ), symbol dpt, is a unit of measurement with dimension of reciprocal length, equivalent to one reciprocal metre, 1 dpt = 1 m−1. It is normally used to express the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is a physical quantity equal to the reciprocal of the focal length ...
Esophoria is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type of heterophoria. Cause. Causes include: Refractive errors; Divergence insufficiency; Convergence excess; this can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.
The linear map h → J(x) ⋅ h is known as the derivative or the differential of f at x . When m = n, the Jacobian matrix is square, so its determinant is a well-defined function of x, known as the Jacobian determinant of f. It carries important information about the local behavior of f.
A pyramid is a polyhedron that may be formed by connecting a polygonal base and a point, called the apex. Each base edge and apex form an isosceles triangle, called a lateral face. [3] The edges connected from the polygonal base's vertices to the apex are called lateral edges. [4] Historically, the definition of a pyramid has been described by ...
Calculate U 1, U 2 and L, and set initial value of λ = L. Then iteratively evaluate the following equations until λ converges: sin σ = ( cos U 2 sin λ ) 2 + ( cos U 1 sin U 2 − sin U 1 cos U 2 cos λ ) 2 {\displaystyle \sin \sigma ={\sqrt {\left(\cos U_{2}\sin \lambda \right)^{2}+\left(\cos U_{1}\sin U_{2 ...
This equation reduces to that of the volume of a sphere when all three elliptic radii are equal, and to that of an oblate or prolate spheroid when two of them are equal. The volume of an ellipsoid is 2 / 3 the volume of a circumscribed elliptic cylinder, and π / 6 the volume of the circumscribed box.
Geometrical optics. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. The simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays:
Curvature. A migrating wild-type Dictyostelium discoideum cell whose boundary is colored by curvature. Scale bar: 5 μm. In mathematics, curvature is any of several strongly related concepts in geometry that intuitively measure the amount by which a curve deviates from being a straight line or by which a surface deviates from being a plane.
The grating equation shows that the angles of the diffracted orders only depend on the grooves' period, and not on their shape. By controlling the cross-sectional profile of the grooves, it is possible to concentrate most of the diffracted optical energy in a particular order for a given wavelength.