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  2. Esotropia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotropia

    In a left esotropia, the left eye 'squints,' and in a right esotropia the right eye 'squints.' In an alternating esotropia, the patient is able to alternate fixation between their right and left eye so that at one moment the right eye fixates and the left eye turns inward, and at the next the left eye fixates and the right turns inward. This ...

  3. Sixth nerve palsy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_nerve_palsy

    Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve ), which is responsible for causing contraction of the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i.e., turn out) the eye. [1] The inability of an eye to turn outward, results in a convergent strabismus or esotropia of which the ...

  4. List of optometric abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optometric...

    oculus sinister (left eye) LHyperT or LHT: Left hypertropia LHypoT: Left hypotropia LO: Lenticular opacity L/R FD: L/R fixation disparity L/R: L hyperphoria Left ET: Left esotropia LVA: Low vision aid MDU: Mallett distance unit MNU: Mallett near unit M.Wing: Maddox Wing: MR: Maddox rod NB: NAD: No abnormality detected (is frequently used but is ...

  5. Infantile esotropia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_esotropia

    Ophthalmology. Infantile esotropia is an ocular condition of early onset in which one or either eye turns inward. It is a specific sub-type of esotropia and has been a subject of much debate amongst ophthalmologists with regard to its naming, diagnostic features, and treatment.

  6. Four prism dioptre reflex test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_prism_dioptre_reflex_test

    This causes the eye under the prism to remain stationary, therefore the fellow eye does not make a conjugate movement. Abnormal response: eccentric fixation. Eccentric fixation is less common but nonetheless a possible reason as to why a patient may fail the 4 PRT. Anisometropia in a patient can lead to a microtropia. If left untreated at a ...

  7. Hirschberg test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschberg_test

    Purpose. whether a person has strabismus. In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Hirschberg test, also Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has strabismus (ocular misalignment). A photographic version of the Hirschberg is used to quantify strabismus. [1]

  8. Maddox rod - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_rod

    The Maddox rod test can be used to subjectively detect and measure a latent, manifest, horizontal or vertical strabismus for near and distance. The test is based on the principle of diplopic projection. [1] Dissociation of the deviation is brought about by presenting a red line image to one eye and a white light to the other, while prisms are ...

  9. Heterophoria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophoria

    Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when not performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not straight". This condition can be esophoria, where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion; exophoria, in which they diverge; or hyperphoria, in which ...

  10. Dissociated vertical deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociated_vertical_deviation

    Dissociated vertical deviation. Dissociated vertical deviation ( DVD) is an eye condition which occurs in association with a squint, typically infantile esotropia. The exact cause is unknown, although it is logical to assume it is from faulty innervation of eye muscles.

  11. Strabismus surgery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus_surgery

    Strabismus surgery is a one-day procedure that is usually performed under general anesthesia most commonly by either a neuro- or pediatric ophthalmologist. [1] The patient spends only a few hours in the hospital with minimal preoperative preparation. After surgery, the patient should expect soreness and redness but is generally free to return home.