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The Four Prism Dioptre Reflex Test (also known as the 4 PRT, or 4 Prism Dioptre Base-out Test) is an objective, non-dissociative test used to prove the alignment of both eyes (i.e. the presence of binocular single vision) by assessing motor fusion. [1]
The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.
A fixation disparity is not constant within a certain observer, but can vary depending on the viewing conditions. If test prisms with increasing amount are placed in front of the observer’s eyes, the fixation disparity changes in the eso direction with base-in prisms and in the exo direction with base-out prisms (Fig. 3).
Esotropia is a condition in which one or both eyes deviate inward, causing a cross-eyed appearance. It can be constant or intermittent, and has different types and causes, such as hyperopia, congenital, or accommodative factors.
The Hirschberg test, also known as the Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a method to assess ocular misalignment by observing the light reflex on the cornea. It can detect exotropia, esotropia, hypertropia or hypotropia and is used in optometry and ophthalmology.
Infantile esotropia is a type of esotropia (inward eye turn) that occurs in early childhood. Learn about its presentation, causes, diagnosis, treatment and controversies from this comprehensive article.
Sixth nerve palsy, also known as lateral rectus palsy, is a disorder of the eye muscle that causes double vision and eye misalignment. It can be caused by various factors, such as trauma, diabetes, stroke, tumors, or infections, and affects different parts of the nerve along its pathway.
Learn about the surgical options to correct the misalignment of the eyes caused by strabismus, a condition that affects the extraocular muscles. Find out how the procedures are performed, what indications they have, and when they were first developed.