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The Fresnel equations describe how light is reflected and transmitted when incident on an interface between different optical media. They depend on the polarization, angle, and refractive indices of the media, and can be used to calculate the reflectivity and transmissivity of the interface.
A Fresnel rhomb is an optical prism that introduces a 90° phase difference between two perpendicular components of polarization, by means of two total internal reflections. Learn about its operation, history, and applications in polarization experiments and devices.
A Fresnel lens is a compact lens that reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing it into concentric sections. Learn how Augustin-Jean Fresnel invented and improved this lens for use in lighthouses, and how it works with refraction and reflection.
Fresnel number is a dimensionless number relating to the pattern a beam of light forms on a surface when projected through an aperture. It is used to define the near and far field approximations in physical optics and diffraction theory.
Lloyd's mirror is an optics experiment that was first described in 1834 by Humphrey Lloyd in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. [1] Its original goal was to provide further evidence for the wave nature of light, beyond those provided by Thomas Young and Augustin-Jean Fresnel.
Learn about the phenomenon of total internal reflection, which occurs when waves are incident on a boundary between two media with different wave speeds. Find out how the critical angle, phase shifts, and evanescent waves affect the reflection and refraction of light and other waves.
Refractive index is a dimensionless number that indicates how much light bends when entering a medium. It depends on the wavelength, the medium, and the reference medium, and can be measured by Snell's law, Cauchy's equation, or other methods.
A Fresnel zone is a region of space where waves from a transmitter can interfere with each other due to different path lengths and phases. Learn how Fresnel zones affect radio, sound, light, and other wave propagation, and how to calculate and avoid them.